ENGLISH

ENGLISH

Lecturer : Ledy Nurlely M.Pd

Arrange by : Eva Gestafiani

2227141505 / II c

Elementary School Teacher Education

Faculty All Teacher Training and Education

Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University

2015

Degree of Comparison

Degrees of comparison are used when we compare one person or one thing with another. There are three Degrees of comparison in English, i.e. Positive degree, comparative degree and superlative degree.

1.    Positive degree

When we speak about only one person or thing, we use the positive degree.

Examples :

This house is big

In this sentence only one noun “the house” is talked about.

·      He is tall student           

·      This is flower as beautiful 

·      He is an intelligent boy

Each sentence mentioned above talks only one noun.

When we want to compare the adjective, we have degree of comparison. I when the quality of two or more adjectives are for same. We use : as (adjective) as …

Example : a. Forqon is 167 cm

                 b. Tijan is 167 cm

v  A is as tall as B

2.    Comparative degree

When we compare two person or two things with each other, we use both the positive degree and comparative degree.

Example :

·      This house is bigger than that one. (Comparative degree) This house is not as big as that as that one (Positive degree).

The term “Bigger” is comparative version of the term “big”. Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

·      This flower is more beautiful than that. (Comparative) this flower is not as beautiful as that. (Positive) the term “more beautiful” is comparative version of the term “beautiful”, Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

When the quality of two or more adjectives are not the same. we use adjectives… or then or more (adjective)

for example : April is 50 kg

                      Ina is 45 kg

                      Lingga is 40 kg

v  April is fatter than Ina

v  Ina is thinner than April      

3.    Superlative degree

When we compare more than two person with one another, we use all the three positive, comparative and superlative degrees.

Example :

·      This is the biggest house in this street. (Superlative) this house is bigger than any other house in this street. (Comparative) No other house in this street is as big as this one (positive)

The term “biggest” is the superlative version of the term “big”. All the three sentences mean the same meaning.

·      This flower is the most beautiful one on this garden. (Superlative) This flower is more beautiful than any other flower in this garden (Comparative)

No other flower is the most beautiful as this one (comparative)

The term “most beautiful” is the superlative version of the superlative version of the term “beautiful”. All the three sentences mean the same meaning.

When the quality of three adjectives are different. We use : The (adjective) est of all

     The most (adjective) of all

Example : Sella’s laptop costs Rp. 4.500.000

 Dika’s laptop costs Rp. 4.000.000

 Zaki’s laptop costs Rp. 3.500.000

·         Sella’s laptop is the most expensive of all

·         Dika’s laptop is cheaper than Sella’s laptop but more expensive

·         Zaki’s laptop is the cheapest of all

v The comparative degree is used when there is comparison between two things or person

v The superlative degree is used when there is comparison between three or more things or persons.

v Use “more” with most adjectives that have two or more syllables.

Example : more expensive, more delicious, more beautiful, etc.

v In normal style, the definite article “the” is used before Superlative Degree.

Lingking Verbs

Linking verb is which is followed by an adjective.

Formulation = S + linking verb + adjective

Linking verbs : Appear, be, become, feel, look, prove, seem, smell, taste, sound.

For example : (+) Tiara looks professional

  (-) Tiara does not look professional

  (?) Does Tiara look professional ?

Yes, Tiara / she does

No, Tiara / she does not

Linking verbs do not express action. Instead, they connect the subject of the verb to additional information about the subject. Look at the examples below :

·      Keila is a shopaholic.

Is-ing isn't something that Keila can do. Is connects the subject, Keila, to additional information about her, that she will soon have a huge credit card bill to pay.

During the afternoon, my cats are content to nap on the couch.

Are-ing isn't something that cats can do. Are is connecting the subject, cats, to something said about them, that they enjoy sleeping on the furniture.

After drinking the old milk, Vladimir turned green.

Turned connects the subject, Vladimir, to something said about him, that he needed an antacid.

A ten-item quiz seems impossibly long after a night of no studying.

Seems connects the subject, a ten-item quiz, with something said about it, that its difficulty depends on preparation, not length.

Irene always feels sleepy after pigging out on pizza from Antonio's.

Feels connects the subject, Irene, to her state of being, sleepiness.

The following verbs are true linking verbs: any form of the verb be [am, is, are, was, were, has been, are being, might have been, etc.], become, and seem. These true linking verbs are always linking verbs.

Then you have a list of verbs with multiple personalities: appear, feel, grow, look, prove, remain, smell, sound, taste, and turn. Sometimes these verbs are linking verbs; sometimes they are action verbs.

How do you tell when they are action verbs and when they are linking verbs?

If you can substitute am, is, or are and the sentence still sounds logical, you have a linking verb on your hands.

If, after the substitution, the sentence makes no sense, you are dealing with an action verb instead. Here are some examples:

Sylvia tasted the spicy squid eyeball stew.

Sylvia is the stew? I don't think so! Tasted, therefore, is an action verb in this sentence, something Sylvia is doing.

The squid eyeball stew tasted good.

The stew is good? You bet. Make your own!

I smell the delicious aroma of a mushroom and papaya pizza baking in the oven.

I am the aroma? No way! Smell, in this sentence, is an action verb, something I am doing.

The mushroom and papaya pizza smells heavenly.

The pizza is heavenly? Definitely! Try a slice!

When my dog Oreo felt the wet grass beneath her paws, she bolted up the stairs and curled up on the couch.

Oreo is the wet grass? Of course not! Here, then, felt is an action verb, something Oreo is doing.

My dog Oreo feels depressed after seven straight days of rain.

Oreo is depressed? Without a doubt! Oreo hates the wet.

This substitution will not work for appear. With appear, you have to analyze the function of the verb.

Swooping out of the clear blue sky, the blue jay appeared on the branch.

Appear is something a blue jay can do—especially when food is near.

The blue jay appeared happy to see the bird feeder.

Here, appeared is connecting the subject, the blue jay, to its state of mind, happiness.

Adverbs

Adverbs is a word which is used to explain the subject.

for example : Lazily, happily, sadly, curiously, suspiciously, sleepily..

Formulation :

Present tense :

(+) Novia’s speaks English loudly

(-) Novia’s does not speak English loudly     

(?) Does Novia’s speak English loudly ?

Yes, Novia does

No, doesn’t

Past tense :

(+) Novia and Nabilla gave the text

(-) Novia and Nabilla did not give the text         spontansionaly

(?)  did Novia and Nabilla give the text ?

Yes, they did

No, they did not

Example :

-     I found the film incredibly dull

-     The meeting went well and the directors were extremely happy with the outcome.

-     Crabs are known for walking sideways.

-     Only members are allowed to enter

-     I usually have eggs for breakfast

-     However, I will not eat fried eggs again

-     Certainly the quality was very poor.

An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, other adverbs, determiner, noun phrase, clause, or sentence.

Adverbs typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainly, etc. Answering questions such as how ?, in what way ?, when ?, where ?, and to what extent ?, this function is called the adverbial function, and may be realized by single words (adverbs) or by multi-word expressions (adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses).

Adverbs are traditionally regarded as one of the parts of speech. However, modern linguists note that it has come to be used as a kind of “ catch-all” category, used to classify words with various different types of synthetic  behavior, not necessarily having much in common except that they do not fit into any of the other available categories. (noun, adjectives, preposition, etc.)

Example adverbs of time :

·      Already : I together with my pals, already have eaten lunch

·      Finally : Tita finally found a solution to solver her academic problem.

·      Recently : The children have recently went home

·      Now : Please call me later, I’m studying now

·      Today : Yudha arrives from Jayanti today

·       From.. to/until : She’ll prepare for the final test from now to the next Saturday

Active and Passive Sentence

Active sentence is a sentence that needs object or transitive sentence

Passive sentence or passive voice occurs when object in active sentence functions as subject.

Active sentence formulation :

(+) PGSD students will perform dancing next mount

(-) PGSD students will not perform dancing next mount

(?) will PGSD students perform dancing next mount ?

Yes, they will

No, They not

Passive voice formulation :

(+) Dancing will be performed by PGSD students next mount

(-) Dancing will be not performed by PGSD students next mount

(?) will dancing be performed by PGSD students next mount ?

The passive sentence is used to emphasize the “object” of a sentence rather than the subject. We use the passive sentence to say “what happens to the subject”. In this case, who or what causes the action is often unknown or important.

In the passive sentence, the verb changes to to be + past participle without altering the meaning of the sentence. Only transitive verbs can be changed to the passive forms.

Example :

Active Sentence :

·      Thomas repaired the card

·      She prepared the menu on the table

·      How do you pronounce this word ?

·      Somebody is cleaning the room now

·      Mr. Jacob did not write the article

Passive Sentence :

·      The card was repaired by Thomas

·      The menu was prepared on the table

·      How this word pronounced ?

·      The room is being cleaned now

·      The article was not written by Mr. Jacob

Gerund

Gerund is an- ing form of a verb that functions that functions as noun functions :

1.    As subject of sentence :

Drinking coffee makes me fresh

Sleeping too long is not good

Waiting for a bus is sometimes very boring

Reading is my hobby

2.    As Object

The verbs like, love, hate, start, stop, consider, regret

We love cycling in the country side

She likes having dinner our

3.    As complement of the verb “be” :

His activity in the morning is watching news on TV

My unforgettable experience was bathing in the beach

4.    As object of preposition :

He was interested about going camping

Do your exams without making noise

5.    After certain verbs : avoid, enjoy, finish, like, practice, stop, etc.

He can’t stop me smoking

I really like traveling by this bus

6.    Gerund can be made negative by adding “not”.

He enjoys not teaching

Her dream job is not teaching

Bibliography

Indaryati, Tri. 2010. English Alive Senior High School Grade 2. Jakarta Timur : Yudistira

__________. 2010. English Alive Senior High School Grade 1. Jakarta Timur : Yudhistira

http://www.english-for-students.com

http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/linkingverb.html (10 May 2015 7:21 PM)

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-linking-verbs.html (10 May 2015 7:30 PM)